building code

Outdoor hot water cylinders sit in colder, windier conditions than indoor ones, so they lose heat faster and cost a little more to run. New Zealand’s energy rules set a clear baseline for how efficient any new cylinder must be. This guide explains what those standards actually require, and the practical ways to keep an exposed cylinder performing.

Insulation standards for outdoor installations

Energy performance for hot water cylinders falls under Building Code clause H1 (Energy Efficiency) — not G12. G12 covers water safety, such as storing water at 60°C to control Legionella and tempering it before delivery to prevent scalding. Under H1, electric storage cylinders sold in New Zealand must meet the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) set out in NZS 4606.1 and AS/NZS 4692.2, which cap how much heat a cylinder may shed while sitting idle. Outdoor cylinders aren’t a separate legal category, but because they face the weather they lose heat faster — so extra jacketing and pipe lagging are worth it. Modern cylinders leave the factory with roughly 50 mm of foam (around R-1.8 to R-2.0); older or exposed units benefit from an added wrap.

The same thinking applies to cylinders mounted on external walls or sitting in unheated garages, sheds, or basements. Those spaces swing with the outside temperature, so a cylinder there works harder to hold its heat than one in a warm interior cupboard.

Note: Solar and heat pump water heaters are assessed differently — their energy performance is calculated under AS/NZS 4234 rather than the electric-cylinder MEPS.

How outdoor cylinders lose heat

MEPS limits a cylinder’s standing loss — the energy it sheds over 24 hours simply keeping the water hot. The bigger the cylinder and the colder its surroundings, the higher that loss, which is exactly why an exposed outdoor cylinder costs more to run than the same unit in a warm cupboard.

Standing loss is measured over a 24-hour test under the AS/NZS 4692 method. In the real world, more heat escapes through uninsulated pipe tails, the relief-valve line, and metal mounting brackets — so lagging the pipework and fittings matters as much as wrapping the cylinder itself.

For example, a 250-litre outdoor hot water cylinder in a cool, exposed spot holds its heat far better with a fitted jacket and lagged pipe tails than one left bare to the weather.

Protecting an outdoor cylinder

An outdoor cylinder should be sheltered from driving rain and wind — a weatherproof enclosure, cover, or a well-chosen spot under the eaves all help. Leave enough clearance around the unit for airflow so moisture doesn’t build up against the tank or its fittings.

Metal brackets and mounts conduct heat straight out of the cylinder. Thermal-break pads between the supports and any concrete pad or wall bracket cut that loss and help keep condensation away from the fixings.

• Thermal-break or isolation pads under metal supports
• Stainless or thermally-broken brackets to limit heat conduction
• Insulated, flexible pipe connections kept short at the cylinder outlets
• Clear condensation drainage directed away from the base

Note: New Zealand cylinders must be seismically restrained — just make sure the restraint straps don’t crush or bridge the insulation.

Choosing a cylinder wrap or jacket

A cylinder wrap — sometimes called a jacket or blanket — is an insulating layer fitted over the outside of the tank to slow heat loss. On a modern cylinder that already carries around 50 mm of factory foam, a wrap adds only a modest gain; on an older or exposed cylinder it can make a real difference. The usual options are fibreglass, mineral-wool, or polyester blanket wraps, which typically add somewhere around R-1.0 to R-1.2 on top of the existing insulation.

When fitting one, the detail matters more than the material. The insulation should sit snugly without being compressed — squashing it flat removes most of the benefit — and a few parts must stay clear:

• The thermostat and element access cover
• The temperature/pressure relief valve and its discharge line
• The cylinder’s data plate and any warning labels
• Any air gaps or clearances the manufacturer specifies

On a mains-pressure cylinder it is worth checking the manufacturer’s guidance first, as some advise against wrapping units that are already well insulated.

Insulating the pipework (lagging)

Lagging the pipes is often the highest-value job on an outdoor cylinder, because bare copper sheds heat fast — and the Building Code already requires it. Under clauses G12 and H1, the hot pipes leaving the cylinder must be insulated; the first metre off the cylinder matters most, though lagging the full run is better again. NZS 4305 is the domestic hot-water standard that sits behind these requirements.

Lagging is specced by pipe size and the insulation’s thermal conductivity — in practice that usually means a closed-cell foam or nitrile sleeve roughly 13–25 mm thick, sized to the pipe’s outside diameter. Outdoors, durability is the extra consideration: use a UV-stable or clad lagging so sun, wind and vermin don’t break it down, and seal the joints so water can’t track underneath. In colder regions, lagging the cold inlet near the cylinder as well helps guard against freezing.

How climate and exposure change things

Colder regions and more exposed sites lose more heat. A cylinder in Southland, Central Otago, or an exposed rural spot warrants more attention to jacketing and pipe lagging than the same unit in milder, sheltered Northland.

Wind matters too — it strips heat from exposed surfaces, so a cylinder in an open, windy position loses more than one tucked into a sheltered corner. Shelter and a good wrap make a bigger difference outdoors than most people expect.

For example, in a cold, exposed location like Invercargill, a close-fitting mineral-wool jacket combined with well-lagged pipe tails is a sensible way to cut both conducted and wind-driven heat loss.

What it costs — and saves

As a rough guide, a retrofit jacket and pipe-lagging job runs around $280–$450 in materials depending on cylinder size and access, plus roughly $150–$220 in labour for a typical residential install.

Savings depend a lot on the cylinder’s condition and how much hot water you use, but wrapping an older or exposed cylinder and lagging its pipes can trim standing losses noticeably — often enough to pay for itself within a few years at current power prices of around $0.28–$0.31 per kWh.

Upgrade options for an older cylinder

If an outdoor cylinder is losing too much heat, there are three practical paths. A fitted jacket is the most cost-effective option for newer cylinders that are still in good condition.

Older cylinders may be better replaced outright if the factory insulation has broken down or the tank itself is in poor shape. And any asbestos-containing lagging on pre-1990 installations must be removed and disposed of by a licensed professional.

• Fit a retrofit mineral-wool or polyester jacket
• Replace the cylinder with a modern high-efficiency model
• Relocate it to a heated indoor space where that’s practical

Note: A simple jacket retrofit on an existing cylinder doesn’t normally need building consent — but a full replacement or relocation involving plumbing work usually does.

How to check and improve your outdoor cylinder

Here’s a practical way to check whether your outdoor cylinder is pulling its weight — and improve it if not:

• Check the cylinder’s age and condition, and look for bare pipe tails, fittings, and metal brackets that leak heat.
• Compare its factory insulation rating (from the maker’s specs or data plate) against how exposed its location is.
• Choose the right fix — a jacket and pipe lagging for a sound cylinder, or replacement if it’s old or degraded.
• Use a qualified installer so the weatherproofing and seismic restraint are done properly.
• For larger commercial systems, have the standing-loss performance verified before and after.